Side Hustle How to Make Money on the Side

Side Hustle How to Make Money on the Side The side hustle. Moonlighting. Freelancing. Whatever you call it, it means extra money†¦and extra work. It can be a great way to pad your bank account and build experience (or even your own business). But it’s not for the faint of heart†¦or the faint of organizational skills. Let’s look at what’s involved in developing and maintaining a side gig, and what you can do to make money on the side. Traditionally, a side hustle (whatever you call it) has been a way to earn extra money on the side, in addition to your regular job. It’s different from regular freelancing or working from home for your main source of income. For example, teachers might work summer jobs, or wait tables on weekends for extra cash. Or even going back decades, for stay-at-home parents, companies like Avon and Tupperware helped homemakers become home entrepreneurs and savvy salespeople while bringing in extra money for the household.These days, with so many options for extra inc ome opened up by the internet (and I’m not talking about those scammy â€Å"I make $7500a week werking from home!!1!† ads online), just about anyone can find a way to make extra cash on the side- if they have the time, energy, and skills.And I’m hoping I don’t need to say this, but just in case: a proper side hustle is always something legal, aboveboard, and non-sketchy. Basically, if you wouldn’t feel comfortable telling your mom about it, think twice. (Or at least be prepared to explain when your cousin’s roommate finds out about it and tells everyone.)Is a Side Hustle Right for Me?Maybe! Before you accept a new job, or go gung ho down your new side path, there are some key questions you need to ask yourself.Am I prepared for double everything?Think double the schedules, double the work hours (possibly), double the obligations.What are you willing to sacrifice to make your side job work?This could be social plans, family time, or sleep. It ’s important to see realistically how this will cut into your existing routine.What do I want to achieve here?Is it just an extra paycheck? Or is it a tentative toe dipped into new career waters?Should I Tell my Full-Time Employer?Some companies have a specific policy requiring employees to disclose other employment. Others don’t- and if yours doesn’t, it’s entirely up to you. If you know there might be conflicts between Job A and Job B, it could be better to be up front with your boss. If you take this route, make sure he or she knows that your priority is Job A, and you’ll use vacation or personal time to address such conflicts. If you don’t see any conflicts coming up, you can keep it off the radar.What Will I Need to Do to Keep My Life in Balance?When you take on more work, some things are going to slip- it’s inevitable. Before you get started, be honest with yourself about what it will take to make sure that you’re not put ting all of your time and energy into work while letting everything else slide. At some point, your long-suffering family or significant other will want to see your face, and takeout pizza for dinner gets tiresome. Set your non-work priorities, and make sure that you’ll have time to meet those obligations even with your increased workload.Speaking of Avon, one of the early home entrepreneur companies can help you figure out if a side gig is right for you.Another major factor in the decision is financial. Are there any startup or maintenance costs associated with your new side gig? If so, make sure to come up with a budget. According to Kimberly Palmer, author of The Economy of You: Discover Your Inner Entrepreneur and Recession-Proof Your Life, you probably don’t need an ironclad business plan in the early stages- but if there are costs for materials, website building, etc., it’s important to be realistic about those.If you have space in your life and a tentativ e plan for how you can rejigger your everyday life to make room, then it’s time to figure out what you want to do, and how to do it.What Can I Do?Side Hustle Nation is a guru in your journey to a second income. It’s also a good jumping-off point if you think you’ll want to make this your primary career at some point. But even if you don’t, there are resources to help you get started.There’s a good chance you already have an idea of what you’d like to do. But if not, don’t worry- there’s an easy starting point! Start with your skills and interests.What are you passionate about doing, even if it’s not your main career path?What talents do you have that aren’t being utilized by your day job- or are underutilized?MoneyPeach offers a pretty comprehensive list of options for side jobs, ranging from â€Å"I need cash fast† to â€Å"I want to build a new career.†If you’re crafty or artsy†¦Conside r selling your goods and designs, either through your own website or an established vendor like Etsy, Handmade at Amazon, eBay, or Zazzle.If you’re a designer†¦Sites like 99Designs link up willing designers with potential clients.If you’re internet-savvy†¦Blogging is a great way to start building a brand using your writing skills.Upwork connects freelance professionals with clients for jobs like web design, IT consulting, customer service, and digital photography.If you’re a teacher or academically inclined†¦Tutoring, either online or in person, is a very flexible way to earn extra money and keep those brain cells in good working order.Online teaching is another flexible option, allowing you to teach classes around your schedule.If you have elbow grease to burn†¦Odd job sites like Handy and TaskRabbit help customers find professional chore-doers willing to run errands and handle household tasks.Professional organizing is a highly in-demand se rvice these days, so if your living space is ordered and feng shui’d to the limit, you could offer that skillset to others who need it.If you’re a wordsmith†¦You can be a freelance writer or editor. Sites like Mediabistro and The Write Life are hubs for the literary lifestyle, whether it’s full time or part time.If you’re an artist with butter or sugar†¦Baking or cooking can be the way to go. You can start small, usually out of your own home (though you should check local food handling regulations before you start selling those cupcakes). Plus, your friends and family will probably be very willing test subjects for new recipes.Basically, you know yourself, your interests, and your capabilities better than anyone else.How Do I Juggle My Jobs?Once you’ve started down the path of setting up a side job (or business), the most important part will be making sure it doesn’t overtake your main job and life responsibilities.Maximize your d aily routine.If getting up a half-hour or hour earlier than usual lets you get more done in the morning, do it. If setting boundaries and leaving work at the same time every day gives you more flexibility in the evening, do it. If bringing a bag lunch and turning a sad desk lunch into a productive desk lunch gets you out the door quicker at the end of the day, do it.Identify your priorities.Here’s where the side hustle may be less fun†¦when you have to start turning down social invitations and spur-of-the-moment plans because you need to put in your time. As you’re getting started with your new mini-career, make sure you know what’s high-priority, quality non-work time, and what can be skipped with minimal fuss or hurt feelings.Make sure Job A gets the priority.This is, after all, your bread and butter still. Your side job may someday turn into a full-time opportunity, but even in the honeymoon period of your new side deal where everything is fun and produc tive, make sure you’re not bailing on core work responsibilities to take on†¦other work responsibilities. If things start to slip too far at Job A, you may find yourself making a career out of Job B sooner than you thought (and not necessarily because you’re ready to make the leap yet).The best thing about a side job is that if it doesn’t work out, you still have your main career. If life as a part-time artisanal goat cheese maker turns out to be too much trouble after a few months, you can let your business fade as a goat-scented lesson learned. Alternatively, if you do follow your interests and your skills and find yourself flourishing, you might just find that you’re creating a new professional world for yourself. A totally different career path could open up for you- or maybe this will just be an enjoyable, (hopefully) profitable entrepreneurial hobby for the long term. Whatever the case may be, go forth and entrepreneur, because you don’t know until you give it a shot.

How to Sign Up for the ACT Tricks and Tips

How to Sign Up for the ACT Tricks and Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Registering for the ACT seems like a pretty straightforward part of the testing process. But the signup process is much more convoluted than you think, and some things matter a lot more than others. You also want to make sure to avoid important mistakes that can be costly. In this article, we’ll discuss step-by-step how to sign up for the ACT. In the half-hour long process, we’ll discuss which sections matter a lot, and which ones not at all. Finally, we’ll share helpful tips to choose the best location and save money. How to Register for the ACT Step 1: The first step is to log into your ACT account here.If you don't have an ACT account, you'll be asked to create one.Next, click on Register on the left. Step 2: The first section, â€Å"Your Personal Profile,† has only one important page. The rest is just information the ACT is collecting for research purposes and has zero impact on your score or college admissions. The important page is the first one: â€Å"Your Information.† Make sure all of this information is accurate because this is what they’re using to track your tests. Step 3: Every other page in this section is irrelevant to your ACT score. The ACT is collecting this information from you for two purposes: 1) to conduct research about how different types of students perform on the ACT, 2) to give your information to colleges who can then send you spam mail based on your interests.Colleges will NOT be using this information as part of their admissions decisions – they’ll instead be reading your application. If you’re not sure yet which colleges you might want to apply to and want schools to contact you, then take the time to fill this out accurately. Otherwise, feel free to breeze through it and submit blank answers. This page and the following pages in this section aren't important. Step 4:The next major section is â€Å"Your Interest Inventory.† Much like the previous section, this is purely optional. The ACT uses this to try to recommend career choices for you, but few students really see this as helpful. Step 5: Next, we move to â€Å"Your Test Selection.† This is where your choices really start to matter.First, you have to agree to Terms and Conditions. These basically forbid you from cheating and sharing the questions and answers with others.Next, choose your test date and any other options you want. Step 6: The next page goes over the requirements of the photo of yourself you must upload in order to complete your registration.This photo will be used on test day for identification purposes. On this page are all the requirements the photo must meet, such as being a picture of only you, showing your full face, and having a plain background. You won't be uploading the photo just yet; instead you'll do that after you finish the registration process. You have to upload your photo by the photo deadline (eight days before your test date) or your registration will be canceled. Step 7:Next, the ACT asks for the high school courses you’ve taken, and then it asks you to enter grades for each course. The ACT says they’ll send your colleges the GPA with your score report. Note that most colleges don’t actually take this as your record – they’d much rather use your transcript directly. But you might as well take the time to take this seriously, lest the college wonders why your ACT reported GPA differs so much from your transcript. Step 8: Next, you’ll have a chance to add Score Report choices. At this point, you get the ability to send four free score reports to colleges of your choice. This is a $48 value for free! If you know which schools you’re applying to, I recommend that you fill this out as it can be a major cost savings (read here for more about why). If you’re worried that your college will see an unfavorable score, realize that they actually don’t really care how many times you took the test – they just care about your highest score. Step 9: Next, you’ll have the ability to fill out Future Plans (this isn’t important and is just given to colleges to try to match your interests). Step 10:Finally, you get to choose your Test Center. At this point, I heavily recommend that you search by ZIP code. This will show you the test centers closest to you, and the best location to take your test might not be your high school. If you search by ZIP code, you get to see all the available test centers near you. If you're registering right now, I recommend you read our guide to the best ACT test locations. This will help you make sure you're maximizing your chance at a great score. Don't forget to upload your registration photo when you're done, and that’s the whole process! Now you know which parts really matter and which don’t. Tips for Signing Up for the ACT Now that you know how to sign up for ACT tests, here are some important tips: Choose the best location. This isn’t an automatic decision – many students take it at their high school, but this might not be the best location! Read this guide for more. Register early, well before the deadline. Put a note on your calendar to register at least six weeks before your test date. If you don’t do this in time, you’ll be subject to fees, or worse, you won’t be able to take your exam at all. Apply for a fee waiver if you qualify. Read here for more details. What's Next? Now that you know how to register, you should know WHEN to register. Read our guide to the best ACT test dates. How high of an ACT score do you need? What's a good ACT score? Click here to find out. Want to improve by 4 points or more on the ACT? Get our free must-read guide to the top tips you need to use to improve your ACT score:

Nursing Theory and Practice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nursing Theory and Practice - Term Paper Example With actual nursing practice, Callista Roy recognized that in order to provide effective care, there must be several specific factors taken into consideration. These include psychological constructs of human behavior, socialization, physiological care, and inherent evaluations related to nurse self-concept, role function and interdependence on systems and teams. Roy began to see not only better patient outcomes by adopting this rather holistic model and its principles, but more dedicated and devoted nurses with strong self-awareness and emotional intelligence to perform adequate nursing care practice. The Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) consists of a series of inputs referred to as stimuli, control processes that include coping mechanisms, effectors which relates to nursing and patient self-concept, and the establishment of a feedback system to achieve maximum positive outputs in nursing care and practice and to reduce ineffective responses learned through observation and direct experienc e with patients. Why RAM is so effective is that it is practical and realistic, taking into consideration the multi-dimensional characteristics of human needs and values that are critical components to how patients will respond to nurses and how nursing caregivers will respond to patients. What makes the Roy Adaptation Model so relevant is that it understands that nurses and patients are both adaptive and holistic in cognition and emotion, where health is more than physiological care, but also biopsychosocial taking into consideration more than just the patient (Shin, Park, & Kim, 2006). This is a transformational model of nursing care, in which nursing culture within the organization is considered both an input and an effector. Fairholm (2009) identifies that in order to build an effective culture within the health care organization, a nurse must be visionary, a teacher, and impart mission to others to reduce change resistance and also build inter-team loyalties. The Roy Adaptation Model recognizes the impact of de-motivated or highly motivated nursing agents within the organization as variables that can impact nurse self-concept and task importance impacting psychological and sociological condition of the caregiver. RAM provides an acknowledgement that nurses and patients are complicated and dynamic individuals that must be addressed according to their self-concept and ability to cope effectively with their health care provision while also developing positive inter-dependencies with other health care staff. This model does not negate the notion of servant leadership in which a nurse is able to provide effective service and care to others while also developing better emotional intelligence and self-betterment through cognition and self-evaluation (Farazmand, Green, & Miller, 2010). The feedback system is an evaluatory tool that assesses whether strategies in nursing practice have met with expected outcomes and also to assist in developing new strategies that were ineffective. This model therefore provides qualitative and quantitative analyses opportunities that explore tangible care actions and relationship-minded concerns that are best measured through interviews or direct observation rather than through statistical evaluation. This model, because of its ability to recognize subjective and deductive scenarios in nursing care, is

Anti trust claims Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anti trust claims - Research Paper Example The underlying questions were whether Microsoft manipulated its  application programming interfaces  (APIs) to favor Internet Explorer over third party web browsers (McMillan, 2003). The antitrust case against Microsoft set a dangerous example that foretells increasing government regulation in an industry which was formerly relatively free of government intrusion and that future technological progress in the industry will be hinder as a result. Microsoft was not really making any profits from Internet Explorer, and its marriage with the operating system was due to consumer expectation to have a browser bundled with the operating system. Instead, Microsofts true anticompetitive wallop was in the discounts it offered to Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) preventing other operating systems from getting a footing in the market. According to Microsoft the merger of Microsoft Windows and Internet Explorer was the result of  innovation  and  competition. However the browser is still a distinct and separate product which did not need to be coupled with an operating system since a separate version was available for  Mac OS. Microsoft operating systems dominates approximately 90-95% of operating systems in computers and has become an innate standard for home and business computer applications. It is fairly obvious that Microsoft is the leading firm in the market for computer operating systems. The question in the current Microsoft antitrust case is whether or not Microsoft has used its monopoly to restrain trade in violation of federal antitrust statutes (Brennan, 2002). Microsofts decision to integrate Internet Explorer into the operating system was intended to purge the competitive threat posed by Netscape and Sun Microsystems Java programming language. This action, I believe, is a natural extension of the Windows

American Flag :: essays research papers

The United States Flag is the third oldest of the National Standards of the world; older than the Union Jack of Britain or the Tricolor of France. The flag was first authorized by Congress June 14, 1777. This date is now observed as Flag Day throughout America. The flag was first flown from Fort Stanwix, on the site of the present city of Rome, New York, on August 3, 1777. It was first under fire for three days later in the Battle of Oriskany, August 6, 1777. It was first decreed that there should be a star and a stripe for each state, making thirteen of both; for the states at the time had just been erected from the original thirteen colonies. The colors of the Flag may be thus explained: The red is for valor, zeal and fervency; the white for hope purity, cleanliness of life, and rectitude of conduct; the blue, the color of heaven, for reverence to God, loyalty, sincerity, justice and truth. The star (an ancient symbol of India, Persia and Egypt) symbolized dominion and sovereignty, as well as lofty aspirations. The constellation of the stars within the union, one star for each state, is emblematic of our Federal Constitution, which reserves to the States their individual sovereignty except as to rights delegated by them to the Federal Government. The symbolism of the Flag was thus interpreted by Washington: â€Å"We take the stars from Heaven, the red from our mother country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to posterity representing Liberty.† In 1791, Vermont, and in 1792, Kentucky were admitted to the Union and the number of stars and stripes was raised to fifteen in correspondence. As other states came into the Union it became evident there would be too many stripes. So in 1818 Congress enacted that the number of stripes be reduced and restricted henceforth to thirteen representing the thirteen original states; while a star should be added for each succeeding state. That law is the law of today. The name â€Å"Old Glory† was given to our National Flag August 10, 1831, by Captain William Driver of the brig Charles Doggett. The Flag was first carried in battle at the Brandywine, September 11, 1777. It first flew over foreign territory January 28, 1778, at Nassau, Bahama Islands; Fort Nassau having been captured by the American in the course of the war for independence.

Evolution of Mobile Phone Technology

A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls while moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station. In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. The first hand-held mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 2. 2 pounds (1 kg). From 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12. million to over 6 billion, penetrating about 87% of the global population and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid. In 2012, for the first time since 2009 mobile phone sales to end users is declining by 1. 7 percent to 1. 75 billion units which is dominated by Samsung for 385 million units (53. 5 percent is smartphones) and Apple for 130 million units of all smartphones. History The first mobile tel ephone calls were made from cars in 1946. Bell System's Mobile Telephone Service was made on 17 June in St. Louis, Missouri, followed by Illinois Bell Telephone Company's car radiotelephone service in Chicago on 2 October. The MTA phones were composed of vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed over 80 pounds (36 kg).. John F. Mitchell, Motorola's chief of portable communication products in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone. Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, was the key researcher on Mitchell's team that developed the first hand-held mobile telephone for use on a cellular network. Using a somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on 3 April 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. As I walked down the street while talking on the phone, sophisticated New Yorkers gaped at the sight of someone actually moving around while making a phone call. Remember that in 1973, there weren't cordless telephones or cellular phones. I made numerous calls, including one where I crossed the street while talking to a New York radio reporter – probably one of the more dangerous things I have ever done in my life. Martin Cooper The new invention sold for $3,995 and weighed two pounds, leading to a nickname â€Å"the brick†. The world's first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Several countries t hen followed in the early-to-mid 1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada. On 6 March 1983, the DynaTAc mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech. It cost $100m to develop, and took over a decade to hit the market. The phone had a talk time of just half an hour and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands. In 1991, the second generation (2G) cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard, which sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators. Ten years later, in 2001, the third generation (3G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U. S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera. Handheld mobile phone Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles. [13] Motorola and Bell Labs raced to be the first to produce a handheld mobile phone. That race ended on 3 April 1973 when Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 2. 5 pounds and measured 9 inches long, 5 inches deep and 1. 75 inches wide. The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge. John F. Mitchell, Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone. Analog cellular networks – 1G The first analog cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS). It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 1978, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987. AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell phone â€Å"cloning;† Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008. Digital cellular networks – 2G In the 1990s, the ‘second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European developed GSM standard and the U. S. developed CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast out-of-band phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones. In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example, the 00 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS-54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels. In 1993, IBM Simon was introduced. This was possibly the world's first smartphone. It was a mobile phone, pager, fax machine, and PD A all rolled into one. It included a calendar, address book, clock, calculator, notepad, email, and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard. The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with. It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had apps, or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1. 8 MB memory card into the phone. Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger â€Å"brick† phones toward tiny 100–200g hand-held devices. This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life whilst on the move. The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice amongst the young, a trend which spread across all ages. G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland's Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising. Mobile p ayments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart. The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999. Mobile broadband data – 3G As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to utilize mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data services (such as access to the internet) was growing. Furthermore, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission. In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example). Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV-DO, which made several additions to the protocol whilst retaining backwards compatibility: * the introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2. 45 Mbit/s to 3. 1 Mbit/s. * protocols that would decrease connection establishment time. the ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot. * the introduction of QoS flags. All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP. The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the USA. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further 8 commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard. In the mid 2000s (decade), an evolution of 3G technology begun to be implemented, namely High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3. G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1. 8, 3. 6, 7. 2 and 14. 0 Mbit/s. Further speed increases are available with HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84 Mbit/s with Release 9 of the 3GPP standards. By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over 120 Billion dollars of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation. Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile internet. The first such devices, known as â€Å"dongles†, plugged directly into a computer through the USB port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called â€Å"compact wireless router† such as the Novatel MiFi, which makes 3G internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in. Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasn't needed. Instead, the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as â€Å"netbooks†. Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbook's footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble, had already become available with embedded wireless internet, and Apple Computer had announced plans for embedded wireless internet on its iPad tablet devices beginning that Fall. Native IP networks – 4G By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U. S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera. One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP. Evolution 2G networks were built mainly for voice services and slow data transmission (defined in IMT-2000 specification documents), but are considered by the general public to be 2. 5G or 2. 75G services because they are several times slower than present-day 3G service. . 5G (GPRS) 2. 5G (â€Å"second and a half generation†) is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well. The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the introdu ction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved through the introduction of 1xRTT. The combination of these capabilities came to be known as 2. 5G. GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. It can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state. 1xRTT supports bi-directional (up and downlink) peak data rates up to 153. kbit/s, delivering an average user data throughput of 80-100 kbit/s in commercial networks. It can also be used for WAP, SMS & MMS services, as well as Internet access. 2. 75G (EDGE) GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003—initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States. EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that provides a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. Duplex A duplex communication system is a point-to-point system composed of two connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions. An example of a duplex device is a telephone. The people at both ends of a telephone call can speak at the same time, the earphone can reproduce the speech of the other person as the microphone transmits the speech of the local person, because there is a two-way communication channel between them. Duplex systems are employed in many communications networks, either to allow for a communication â€Å"two-way street† between two connected parties or to provide a â€Å"reverse path† for the monitoring and remote adjustment of equipment in the field. Systems that do not need the duplex capability use instead simplex communication in which one device transmits and the others just â€Å"listen. † Examples are broadcast radio and television, garage door openers, baby monitors, wireless microphones, radio controlled models, surveillance cameras, and missile telemetry.

Summary of Triumph of the Nerds - 1449 Words

In the early 1980’s computers were unknown. The only real computers were called mainframe computers and they took up an entire room in size. They used a special code called binary that only worked with 1’s and O’s. All of the data had to be inputted by stretches of tape or by flipping switches. It took people to develop a computer language for the computer to take off. The first language was called Cobal and it was followed by Fortran and Basic. Because of the large size of computers, having one would require having space big enough to house a room size machine. It took a company named Intel and its founder Gordon Moore, to develop a microprocessor, which shrunk down the size of the processor by placing millions of transistors on a single†¦show more content†¦The 1978 show drew thousands of people and Apple â€Å"stole the show†. Within 2 years of the show, sales at Apple were enormous; they were making more money than they could spend. After the release of Apple 2 many more people started to use P.C’s. But there was a problem; the P’C’s still had no real purpose or application to make everyone want to have one. It took the genius of Dan Brinklin, a professor at Harvard, to come up with the help of programmer Bob Franston, to come up with a spreadsheet program called Visicalc (visible calculator). Viscalc hit the market in 1979 selling for 100 dollars. It could do in seconds what it took an entire day for one person to do on a computer. The spreadsheet answered the â€Å"what if† questions. Thanks to Viscalc the Apple 2 made history. Unfortunately the creators of Viscalc did not patent their spreadsheet idea, thus they did not make the money that men like Jobs, Wozniak and Gates made. Although Ed Roberts invented the computer, Jobs and Wozniak are the ones who became multi-millionaires. The P.C. market became a billion dollar industry which 50% of the market belongs to Apple. The nerds had inheri ted the earth. While watching television recently I noticed that a movie will be coming out in the next few days about Steve Jobs. I have heard bits and pieces about his life and what type of person he was, plus I knew Apple was started in a garage. This video was very interesting; itShow MoreRelatedAN ANALYSIS PAPER ON ANTON CHEKHOV’S THE SEAGULL AND THE CHERRY ORCHARD12092 Words   |  49 PagesCharacterization and Dialogue 1.6.2 Impartial Witnesses 1.7 Anton Chekhov and his Beliefs/ Values 1.7.1 Six Principles for Writing 1.7.2 Positive Values 1.7.2.1 Freedom 1.7.2.2 Charity 1.7.2.3 Truthfulness 2. Analysis for Content and Substance 2.1 Summary/ Synopsis 2.1.1 The Seagull 2.1.2 The Cherry Orchard 2.2 Appropriate Approaches to Literature 2.2.1 Reader-Response Approach 2.2.2 Feministic Approach 2.2.3 Psycho-analytic Approach 2.2.4 Archetypal Approach 2.2.5 Historical ApproachRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagesshareholders because we won’t be swinging for the fences.† In short, innovators rely on their â€Å"courage to innovate†Ã¢â‚¬â€an active bias against the status quo and an unï ¬â€šinching willingness to take smart risks—to transform ideas into powerful impact. In summary, the DNA of innovators—or the code for generating innovative ideas—is expressed in the model shown in ï ¬ gure 1-1. The key skill for generating innovative ideas is the cognitive skill of associational thinking. The reason that some people generate